tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10937092967555555922024-02-18T19:02:41.074-08:00Myths of DelinquencyIn this blog, common beliefs about juvenile delinquents are discussed, clarifying which of these beliefs are supported by research and which are not. The objective is to debunk myths of delinquency, giving practitioners a new perspective of the “bad” kids with whom they work or encounter. Shifting the beliefs that are so common among educated adults will impact the experiences of these students with the possibility of interrupting a trajectory toward delinquency for many at risk youth. Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-42813186285290089582014-11-13T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-13T12:00:02.249-08:00What do we do with what we know about juvenile delinquency?<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Now what?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGZCoDGRQLpf4Kw2MeEDP1SSEII5zq0jXK6DsmzeSVMbHvg__qgv9IoCgHq8a27fhOErq6LuvB1b4g6A5zVIUk4IeMKPaGCtezexCW91m3-olIhzUaTE1xyyI8MEFU31g-HUast0j6OWs/s1600/Handcuffed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGZCoDGRQLpf4Kw2MeEDP1SSEII5zq0jXK6DsmzeSVMbHvg__qgv9IoCgHq8a27fhOErq6LuvB1b4g6A5zVIUk4IeMKPaGCtezexCW91m3-olIhzUaTE1xyyI8MEFU31g-HUast0j6OWs/s1600/Handcuffed.jpg" /></a>There are complex
issues involved with each of these belief statements. The results of this discussion
create an image of a young, minority, gang-affiliated man who has a history and
a future full of violent criminal activity, looking up to negative role models,
suffering from low self-esteem, and burdened by an inability to change. If this
is the image held by those with the ability to affect change and impact policy,
it stands to reason little improvement in the treatment of these youth will occur.
Also, if this is the image held by those who work with troubled or challenging
youth on a regular basis, it further implies the interventions that could interrupt
a negative trajectory will be less likely to take place.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of the myths
discussed in this blog, there are certainly incarcerated youth who fit the
characteristics and demonstrate the true versions of each of these ideas.
However, what is often believed to be the case for troubled youth, is
frequently incorrect. It is through a deeper understanding of the real
individuals involved in challenging life circumstances that an impact can be
made. To help others see a more accurate view, one respondent in this discussion
shared her inspirational personal story of redemption after contact with the
juvenile justice system. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I was a child who
was going down the wrong path. I was molested by my biological father and it
took a psychotic toll on me. I hated the world. Myself. I fought because I
wanted others to feel my pain. I stole because the adrenaline would be a fun
high. I used drugs to forget the pain. I drank to just be. I was spinning out
of control. I had a special person who believed I could be better. My probation
officer didn't make me a statistic. He gave me HOPE. He gave me a father figure
I never had. Today, I never forget him or the social worker who helped me see
life better than being betrayed. Today, I help people. I love kids. I preach
love, laugh, hope, live every moment with no regrets. My family is me. My hope
and faith guide me. … I help people. My smile and laugh help people. My heart
is on my sleeve and I love who I've become.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">What does this mean going forward?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The implications
of this discussion are broad ranging. They affect disability education, the
educational system, the justice system, and future research. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeel4UXAi97se1_eRFmKpmlMKvN64vwCuTcU1J-5D3C8ItKVeFRPmyne7SUI0fRHRzYS39Cfh5xPAvs7hBj4uyNIAguGHpueahTYc1F7F_BV55adnIl1Ls1vprTUgEwiAUjOgbAIKamVg/s1600/Cuffs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeel4UXAi97se1_eRFmKpmlMKvN64vwCuTcU1J-5D3C8ItKVeFRPmyne7SUI0fRHRzYS39Cfh5xPAvs7hBj4uyNIAguGHpueahTYc1F7F_BV55adnIl1Ls1vprTUgEwiAUjOgbAIKamVg/s1600/Cuffs.jpg" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Disability Education</b></div>
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It is necessary to
identify which characteristics are the result of genuine delinquent tendencies
or choices and which are a manifestation of an existing disability. The
Differential Treatment Theory (Keilitz, Zaremba, & Broder, 1979) discussed
previously brings light to the confusion that exists over the source or cause
of undesirable behavior. It demonstrates the possibility that some incarcerated
youth are detained for inappropriate reasons and fear of dangerousness or at
risk behavior is actually a misinterpreted symptom of a disability. The
misunderstanding represented through the Differential Treatment Theory is the result
of commonly held beliefs, many of which are actually myths. Debunking these
myths will lessen the frequency of these misunderstandings.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Educational System<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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By treating all
students as criminals with the hopes of preventing criminal behavior, schools are
instituting policies that lead to worsening behaviors instead of the intended
results. The ACLU explains this phenomenon, referred to as the
“school-to-prison pipeline” as “the policies and practices that push our
nation’s schoolchildren, especially our most at-risk children, out of
classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. This pipeline
reflects the prioritization of incarceration over education” (n.d., para. 1).
The factors leading to increased incarceration of youth include failing public
schools, zero-tolerance and other school discipline policies, police on school
campuses, alternative schools for disciplinary problems, and court involvement
for violations that used to be handled by schools instead (ACLU, n.d.). New
discipline policies in schools will have a significant impact on the number of
youth inappropriately incarcerated and mistreated.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Justice System<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRsmkZGDGGJgG4HfzQiOOY-Uqu0kmb_pbw72kYQWHsaa6E82R47KHAI5mHFSLmjmpYCLjFPiouV4V6tpLwOxsvzb8N4cdL1eCieIVm6V0NeqmKSxam6GIBGrNTTsvdLJyR2qe1C_cYTMw/s1600/Dorm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRsmkZGDGGJgG4HfzQiOOY-Uqu0kmb_pbw72kYQWHsaa6E82R47KHAI5mHFSLmjmpYCLjFPiouV4V6tpLwOxsvzb8N4cdL1eCieIVm6V0NeqmKSxam6GIBGrNTTsvdLJyR2qe1C_cYTMw/s1600/Dorm.jpg" /></a>Additionally,
there are misunderstandings within the justice system itself. In the opening message
to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s 2011 juvenile
arrests report, Administrator Robert L. Listenbee discussed research prompting system
improvement. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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With time, the
cumulative effects of these and other reform efforts … should result in a
system where arrests are rare, all youth are treated fairly, and when a youth
enters the system, he or she receives much-needed treatment and services. Such
changes would undoubtedly provide positive and healthy outcomes for youth,
families, and communities. (Puzzanchera, 2013, para. 3)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Future Research<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Future research
should be conducted on many of these belief statements, especially those about
which there are conflicting reports, to clarify any confusion. A more thorough
understanding of juvenile delinquents would enhance intervention efforts going
forward. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Shifting the
beliefs so common among educated adults will impact the experiences of these
students with the possibility of interrupting a trajectory toward delinquency
for many at risk youth. As one respondent states, “There are people that
believe that kids are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bad</i> or that
kids are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not bad</i>. If people believe
that kids are ‘bad’ then they will treat them as such and never be able to see
them as anything else.” <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-10757150318683968232014-11-12T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-12T12:00:03.007-08:00Myth of Delinquency #9: All juvenile delinquents are affiliated with gangs.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
my work with adjudicated youth, I have met only one young man who has claimed
to be “loyal to the soil.” All the others talked about how they hate gangs in
their neighborhoods and wish they could make it stop. Maybe these are the
thoughts shared with a safe adult in vulnerable moments only. Maybe among
peers, especially in a secure care setting, the story changes a lot because it
is dangerous to seem vulnerable. That’s ok. What matters is that thinking they’re
all just a bunch of gangbangers is far from true. This is a myth that is easy
to dispel. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
start from the beginning of this discussion, please read “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Clarifying BeliefsAbout Juvenile Delinquency</a>.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe20zgkZp8K3ZNqYMLVua0vTyTNqolnbHEnIjz-1bFOuVISnlaXXH-wdwjR_kzRG0MvcjdAOLNH84ZgcTgBbvbZVr0Vat-wTCc_9evpW7g6gKdPLXYnpD0_77U3NuCCmdLy4j6Cv-ywFo/s1600/Gang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe20zgkZp8K3ZNqYMLVua0vTyTNqolnbHEnIjz-1bFOuVISnlaXXH-wdwjR_kzRG0MvcjdAOLNH84ZgcTgBbvbZVr0Vat-wTCc_9evpW7g6gKdPLXYnpD0_77U3NuCCmdLy4j6Cv-ywFo/s1600/Gang.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 9 – All juvenile delinquents are affiliated with gangs.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Although gang
membership is a significant risk factor for eventual contact with the juvenile
justice system, very few offenders have contact with gangs. The Florida
Department of Juvenile Justice reports, “Less than 5% of youth arrested have
any gang [association]… Only 4% of youth arrested [between July 1, 2011 and
June 30, 2013] have any gang [association] with 1.4% of youth arrested being
documented gang members” (FL-DJJ, 2014, para. 1).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conversely, it could be the contact with the justice
system that leads to gang membership. Multiple studies have shown incarcerating
youth actually makes their behavior worse, leading to increased criminal
offending (<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Gatti, Tremblay, Vitaro, & McDuff, 2005;
</span>Azier & Doyle, 2013). While most incarcerated youth are detained for
minor offenses, containing many of them in one location where they spend all
day, every day together, leads to posturing, goading one another into escalated
behaviors. <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negative
peer influences have an impact juvenile crime in general (Shader, 2003), so putting
multiple troubled youth in one residential facility magnifies this effect. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of the characteristics described by
Howell (2010) apply to this situation.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
Youth are at a
higher risk of joining a gang if they engage in delinquent behaviors, are
aggressive or violent, experience multiple care-taker transitions, have many
problems at school, associate with other gang-involved youth, or live in communities
where they feel unsafe and where many youth are in trouble. (Howell, 2010, p. 1)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Therefore, the
effort to scare the young offender straight by incarcerating him or her with
like-minded teens, may be the very thing that makes their behavior worse (<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Gatti, Tremblay, Vitaro, & McDuff, 2005; </span>Azier
& Doyle, 2013) and sets them on a path toward gang participation. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-85823806869737876932014-11-11T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-11T12:00:02.399-08:00Myth of Delinquency #8: All juvenile delinquents are hopeless, cannot be helped, cannot change, and/or will not change.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
be thought of as hopeless is heart breaking. To be looked at by much of society
as lost cause must be debilitating. There are the schools of thought that
support rehabilitation and those who support punishment. If the belief is that
adjudicated youth cannot be helped or cannot/will not change, then punishment
is the natural result. However, if there is a belief in rehabilitation, the
entire approach is different. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
catch up from the beginning, start with “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Clarifying Beliefs About Juvenile Delinquency</a>.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrfilOZ_7OKVxSXxMZg2SA5rVN1LfXb2My5_2mZTnbXXbAVO7UrIRegVpaXaWZrTaA7gNClMOqKYPi0zsPqVR03t_DNICIZvfnABQeIsUTUXIQro0pf6MT4I1np65a2cIiav8WarRD9Y/s1600/Hopeless.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrfilOZ_7OKVxSXxMZg2SA5rVN1LfXb2My5_2mZTnbXXbAVO7UrIRegVpaXaWZrTaA7gNClMOqKYPi0zsPqVR03t_DNICIZvfnABQeIsUTUXIQro0pf6MT4I1np65a2cIiav8WarRD9Y/s1600/Hopeless.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 8 – All juvenile delinquents are hopeless, cannot be helped,
cannot change, and/or will not change.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
There is research
on both sides of the argument about punishment versus rehabilitation for
juvenile offenders. The original goal of juvenile detention was to take a
different approach to offenders who are believed to be “savable.” A small
percentage of juveniles, however, have been sentenced for more violent crimes
and are determined not to be redeemable. As a result, some juvenile detention
centers have turned toward a more punitive stance, thereby focusing on
punishment instead of rehabilitation (Chamberlin, 2001). Despite research to
the contrary, some states have chosen to serve the public cry for retribution
instead of the original intent of juvenile detention. “The juvenile housed in a
facility that focuses on retribution is more likely to re-offend than one who
is placed in a center with a goal of rehabilitation” (Hughes, 2001, p. 163). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Rehabilitation has
been shown to be effective in Missouri, which uses a nationally recognized model
of juvenile justice. “In 2009, Missouri’s recommitment rate (new juvenile
offenses) was 8.4%. Long-term recidivism into the adult system (incarceration
within 3 years) was 6.2% and two-thirds of youth remained law-abiding for 3
years or more” (Missouri Approach, 2010, para. 1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is compared to the national juvenile recidivism
rate of “as high as 66% when measuring recidivism by rearrest and as high as
33% when measuring re-offending by reconvictions” (Harris, Lockwood, &
Mengers, 2009, p. 1).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
“Proper treatment
and rehabilitation services can help many youth currently in the juvenile
system become healthy and productive members of society” (Gottesman &
Schwarz, 2011, p. 1). These data confirm, based on successful systems in
Missouri, rehabilitation is indeed possible and is more economical (Gottesman
& Schwarz, 2011).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-3118609041028883432014-11-10T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-10T12:00:00.072-08:00Myth of Delinquency #7: All juvenile delinquents will stay criminals.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
leads to the fist offense? After that, what leads to the next? For youth in
extremely challenging circumstances, maybe home is not the best place to be.
One adult inmate told me
prison is the best place he’s ever lived – he gets a free studio apartment
(sort of), three free meals a day for which he doesn’t have to do any work, and
a free college education. He said he wants to make sure he can stay until he
graduates from college because he likes having no distractions from that goal
and knows he won’t finish school if he gets out too early. I bet you are as surprised
by his perspective as I was. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of
the incarcerated youth with whom we work, how many will come right back upon
release? How many want to? How many can’t help it? What is the story behind
their return?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If
you are just joining this conversation, please read the first blog post, “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">ClarifyingBeliefs About Juvenile Delinquency</a>” to better understand where all this is coming
from.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigiMHWi0N3JvEhCTqvn3rjzLDv-cd06ANkfmmxrjgRdKweNImUAaQPMYV5yN2RdAAb-in5SMygJQLAoum8NowvBnIJaa2JYvXqFRsTRUuaicnaQBg9tVZ0dDPlNu-AtZPEBnbcPkbuWHs/s1600/Prisoners.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigiMHWi0N3JvEhCTqvn3rjzLDv-cd06ANkfmmxrjgRdKweNImUAaQPMYV5yN2RdAAb-in5SMygJQLAoum8NowvBnIJaa2JYvXqFRsTRUuaicnaQBg9tVZ0dDPlNu-AtZPEBnbcPkbuWHs/s1600/Prisoners.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 7 – All juvenile delinquents will stay criminals.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
A common theme
throughout the survey responses in this study was resignation. “They will all
grow up to be criminals if there isn’t a drastic intervention.” “They are lost
children who have been failed by society and their families.” “[They] end up in
prison throughout their adulthood.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Anecdotally,
multiple educators in juvenile justice facilities have shared that juveniles
reoffend because they do not want to go home. The facility may be safer for
them than their home for a number of reasons. They may also only feel cared for
and loved when they are in a secure care placement. This is not unusual, yet it
is not empirically represented. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Recidivism rates
and reasons were monitored by the New York State Division of Criminal Justice
Services in a study of 9,477 youth who had been discharged from the Division for
Youth in 1991 through 1995 (Frederick, 1999). Of those who reoffended, “over 95
percent had problems in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">four or more</i>
of the following areas: mental health, substance abuse, behavior at school,
academic performance, handicapping conditions, household characteristics,
criminal or abusive family environment, or personal relationships with other
family members” (Frederick, 1999, p. 1). Looking at these characteristics, it
is easy to support the anecdotal evidence provided by those in the field. As
simply stated by a survey respondent, “…they are a product of their
environment.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Instead of
assuming, however, the young offenders will be lifelong criminals, it is quite
possibly the environment causing the repeated criminal offending is the
juvenile system itself. Research shows any contact with the juvenile justice
system drastically increases the likelihood of contact with the justice system
as an adult (Petitclerc, Gatti, Vitaro, & Tremblay, 2013). In a 10-year
study of 35,000 Chicago youth who had contact with the juvenile justice system,
Aizer and Doyle (2013) found “those who were in juvenile detention are 41
percentage points more likely than other children residing in the same
community to be found in an adult correctional facility by age 25” (p. 21).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-86035980385992565462014-11-07T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-07T12:00:02.371-08:00Myth of Delinquency #6: All juvenile delinquents have low self-esteem.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
is another one of those topics that could be argued either way and depends
heavily on the source or the personal experiences of the person doing the
arguing. I can tell you I have worked with adjudicated youth who are followers
and those who are leaders. When we talk specifically about self-esteem, the
results are very interesting and may or may not surprise you.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
start from the beginning to understand why we are looking at these beliefs in
the first place, please read the first post, “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Clarifying Beliefs About JuvenileDelinquency</a>.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi46mRdB7JnfkllNvUuUZHp99K1g9efHV35KaLnfeXSaJ0AAjgs9SvxLln6W7Y-H1F7R7JahJpBfSV9y272xyXFqpNnEzFd6S8hc8rkSEog0pzO4yLQuWAUS4p4uMFwos0L_6OfAAkHAJU/s1600/Low-self-esteem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi46mRdB7JnfkllNvUuUZHp99K1g9efHV35KaLnfeXSaJ0AAjgs9SvxLln6W7Y-H1F7R7JahJpBfSV9y272xyXFqpNnEzFd6S8hc8rkSEog0pzO4yLQuWAUS4p4uMFwos0L_6OfAAkHAJU/s1600/Low-self-esteem.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 6 – All juvenile delinquents have low self-esteem.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Low
self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and
delinquency" (Donnellan, Trzesniewski, Robins, Moffitt, & Caspi, 2005,
p. 328). This statement is backed by empirical research and, quite possibly,
common knowledge. Low-self esteem is the culprit for insecure youth committing
acts with the motivation of potential friendship or popularity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The other side of
the story, however, is the adjudicated youth for whom self-esteem is a strengthening
force, not a hindrance. Repeat offenders, or recidivists, are found to have
high self-esteem. In a study of the psychological characteristics of juvenile
offenders, Demuthova (2013) found, "recidivists … are more socially bold,
venturesome, thick-skinned, uninhibited, open to change, experimental, liberal,
critical, free-thinking … than non-recidivists...” (p. 182). She continues to
say they are characterized by “extroversion...low warmth...exaggerated
self-esteem" (Demuthova, 2013, p. 187).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While first time
offenders with minor offenses may be characterized by low self-esteem and a
“follower” mentality, the more serious and repeat offenders are more likely
characterized by “exaggerated self-esteem.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-42908188789303220052014-11-06T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-06T12:00:03.447-08:00Myth of Delinquency #5: All juvenile delinquents look up to negative role models or lack positive role models.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Half
way through this list of myths and we hit upon one that is hotly contested
socially. Are video games too violent? Are sex, drugs, and rock and roll the
real culprit? Who is to blame for kids these days? It is nice to have a
scapegoat. When something horrible like a school shooting happens, it is easier
to blame violence on TV than to look inward. As a result, we march down the
wrong path and miss the point altogether. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If
you are new to this blog, please go back to the first post, “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Clarifying BeliefsAbout Juvenile Delinquency</a>” for the back-story. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia4fOgTjnCp8pszhTrxtG03FDa17XBvxp6VKwzPobyPOebyqmONFZhaqIjAKpnEC2bBHPcF8HUy5jp3edmo2-QNtkXzFzMebpKzF52b1Uz4wjUxvn_tyemernl8fPJG2CPFuBp2fR_y0g/s1600/Rapper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia4fOgTjnCp8pszhTrxtG03FDa17XBvxp6VKwzPobyPOebyqmONFZhaqIjAKpnEC2bBHPcF8HUy5jp3edmo2-QNtkXzFzMebpKzF52b1Uz4wjUxvn_tyemernl8fPJG2CPFuBp2fR_y0g/s1600/Rapper.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 5 – All juvenile delinquents look up to negative role models or
lack positive role models.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
late 1990s brought a flurry of research about the harmful effects of heavy
metal and rap music on adolescents (Binder, 1993; Hook & Weiss, 1994; Johnson,
Jackson, & Gatto, 1995). Knowing teenagers, in particular, look to famous
individuals as role models, the concern was the message they may be receiving.
This is especially troubling for youth without positive role models in their
day-to-day lives as found in a recent study, "adolescents' exposure to
negative adult behavior was associated with increased externalizing,
internalizing, and substance using behaviors, as well as more negative school
attitudes and behavior" (Hurd, Zimmerman, & Xue, 2009, p. 777).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When
the United States was first exposed to the violence, cruelty, and horrifying
events of the Columbine High School shooting in 1999, people sought a negative
role model to blame. At the time, Marilyn Manson’s music was topping the charts
and frightening parents, so he became a natural scapegoat. Interestingly,
however, it was partly his words that led scholars to look at this situation in
a new light. In the documentary Bowling for Columbine, Michael Moore
interviewed Marilyn Manson, asking, “If you were to talk directly to the kids
at Columbine or the people in that community, what would you say to them if
they were here right now?” In his succinct response, Marilyn Manson said, “I
wouldn’t say a single word to them. I would listen to what they have to say,
and that’s what no one did” (Moore, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
a more recent mass shooting in Santa Barbara, California, a journalist for the
Washington Post (2014) attempted to blame popular movies for their influence on
the deranged shooter, claiming, “[the shooter’s] delusions were inflated, if
not created, by the entertainment industry he grew up in” (Hornaday, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rap music is
popular among youth who are often perceived as delinquent, yet the music they
listen to includes both positive and negative messages. There is a common thread
of individuality, ambition, and dreams throughout and is the reason rap music
is often used as a tool in juvenile justice facilities as a means to motivate
adjudicated youth to work toward a better future. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The challenge
faced by the role model belief is that different youth looking up to the same
role models turn out in disparate ways. In fact, one individual interviewed for
this study shared that he watched negative role models in his inner-city
neighborhood commit crimes, participate in gang activity, and experience
homelessness. Additionally, he lost two friends to gang violence as a teenager.
All of these negative experiences and role models led him in the opposite
direction. Seeing the type of lifestyle he did <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> want motivated him to earn good grades throughout high school,
graduating in the top of his class, and later earning his college degree at a
top-tier private school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-40590976049976599522014-11-05T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-05T12:00:00.575-08:00Myth of Delinquency #4: All juvenile delinquents are minorities.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
is a tough one. With this topic, numbers can be misleading and sources vary
greatly. Michelle Alexander made very clear in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Jim Crow</i> that just because police focus their presence in
neighborhoods commonly filled with minority residents of low socio-economic
status, does not mean they are the only ones or even among the worst ones committing
crimes. This is a very complex issue and I highly recommend reading Alexander’s
book if you haven’t yet. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
show how it is possible to argue this in varied ways because of the myriad
information out there on race and criminal justice, I share the following.
Before reading this, I recommend you catch up from the first post called “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">ClarifyingBeliefs About Juvenile Delinquency</a>” so you know where all this is coming from. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9dKXzk4XSiClpxgkz0Nz9KhP3mTqX0YQX7R7zzhxXto6qiuFomiangm2J5LvyWkWCCYeKdlDsWYR6qksWQ4b1M8CwyNKr4BVyLyKntiYghNXmeyDC7t4MorXZ3rdz-rugvh_Cmy18OY/s1600/Behind-bars.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9dKXzk4XSiClpxgkz0Nz9KhP3mTqX0YQX7R7zzhxXto6qiuFomiangm2J5LvyWkWCCYeKdlDsWYR6qksWQ4b1M8CwyNKr4BVyLyKntiYghNXmeyDC7t4MorXZ3rdz-rugvh_Cmy18OY/s1600/Behind-bars.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 4 – All juvenile delinquents are minorities.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The racial
composition of a juvenile detention facility will vary according to its
geographic location. As a result, there will be some facilities that are
majority minority and some that are majority White. To investigate the belief
statement that delinquents are predominately or all minorities, it is necessary
to look at national averages instead of specific regions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Programs reported the demographics of youth involved in
cases handled by juvenile courts in 2011 was 61.7% Caucasion, 38.3% “minority,”
35.1% Black, 1.9% American Indian, and 1.3% Asian (Sickmund, Sladky, & Kang,
2014). The arrests in 2011 showed similar racial disparity. Of the total number
of juvenile arrests, 66% of offenders where White. When these statistics are disaggregated
by type of crime, the majority of offenders are still categorized as White. For
example, White offenders topped the following crimes for 2011 juvenile arrests:
driving under the influence (91%), liquor laws (89%), drunkenness (87%), vandalism
(76%), vagrancy (73%), arson (72%), sex offense (70%), forcible rape (64%),
aggravated assault (56%), and many more (Puzzanchera, 2013, p. 4). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These statistics show that although
regional differences exist, nationally the majority of juvenile delinquents are
not, in fact, minorities. Interestingly, the statistics about victims of juvenile
crime tell a different story. Statistics from 1980 through 2003 consistently
show “the serious violent crime victimization rate for…Black juveniles averaged
67% above the White race” (Snyder & Sickmund, 2006, p. 27).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-23750822706784479972014-11-04T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-04T12:00:06.626-08:00Myth of Delinquency #3: All juvenile delinquents are violent and/or use weapons.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Remember
the days of the “super predator” and the media campaigns about how we should
all be terrified of teenagers? Well, it worked on many of us and it continues
even though it is seldom warranted. Media headlines are frightening and for the
majority of folks who don’t seek out alternative sources on information about
juvenile offenders, it is easy to believe they are best avoided and feared. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
catch up on this discussion, start at the beginning by reading “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">ClarifyingBeliefs About Juvenile Delinquency</a>.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 3 – All juvenile delinquents are violent and/or use weapons.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
It is a common
belief that crime rates among youth have risen, which news headlines encourage.
Contrary to this belief, however, juvenile violent crime has actually
decreased. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports through their
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, violent crime arrest rates
among male youth ages ten to 24 has decreased “from 850.8 arrests per 100,000
population in 1995, to 423.1 arrests per 100,000 in 2011” (CDC, 2013, para. 1).
This shows the rate of offending among young males has decreased by more than
half over these 16 years. Additionally, in the Juvenile Offenders and Victims:
National Report Series, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
reported “juvenile arrests for violent crime declined for the fifth consecutive
year” (Puzzanchera, 2013, p. 5). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Most arrests involving
juvenile crime are for minor offenses. In 2011, the most frequent offense for
which juveniles were arrested was larceny-theft of property with 17.27% of
total arrests (Puzzanchera, 2013). The top five offenses for juvenile arrests
in 2011 after larceny-theft were simple assaults (12.99%), drug abuse
violations (10.12%), disorderly conduct (9.47%), liquor laws (6.01%), and curfew
and loitering (5.23%) (Puzzanchera, 2013, p. 3). Arrests for violent crimes
made up only 4.64% of the total. Disaggregated by type of offense, aggravated
assault was 2.77% of total juvenile arrests, robbery was 1.62%, forcible rape
was 0.19%, and murder and nonnegligent homicide was 0.06% (Puzzanchera, 2013,
p. 3). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-27121486328914237672014-11-02T12:00:00.000-08:002014-11-02T12:00:01.481-08:00Myth of Delinquency #2: All juvenile delinquents have a history of “bad” or criminal behavior.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
To catch up on
what this is all about, read “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Clarifying Beliefs About Juvenile Delinquency</a>” to
understand where this is all coming from and why. This myth is one that is
really in the grey area of what may or may not be true. The focus, therefore,
is more about factors that contribute to undesirable behaviors and how those
may be inappropriately blown out of proportion or may lead to worse behaviors because
of the over-reaching consequence.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 2 – All juvenile delinquents have a history of “bad” or criminal behavior. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Respondents shared
views that bring light to the motivation behind strict policies in schools.
“Most juvenile delinquents crave boundaries, someone to care about them.” “They
start their behavior long before they are caught.” The truth of these belief
statements depends wholly on the individual child involved. However, the
rampant acceptance of this belief statement as absolute truth has had dire
consequences. With the idea that offenses are constantly occurring and stricter
boundaries will stop behaviors before they get out of hand, policing in schools
became the initiative-de-jour. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Zero tolerance policies
were widely supported as a means to “crack down” on the misbehaviors occurring
in schools. In theory, extremely strict discipline practices would keep kids
from trying to test the boundaries of a more forgiving system. Unfortunately, little
flexibility and room for administrative judgment calls led to a proliferation
of injustices.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The examples are numerous.
Dontadrian Bruce was suspended from Olive Branch High School in Mississippi for
suspected gang activity based on one photo of him holding up three fingers to
display his football jersey number (Ferrer, 2014). A 13-year-old boy was
arrested in New Mexico for burping in class; this after being previously
accused of selling drugs and “forced to strip to his underwear in front of five
adults” (Cantor, 2011, para. 1). Also in New Mexico, a 7-year-old with autism
“was allegedly handcuffed to a chair after getting upset in class” and another
young girl was arrested for not wanting to “sit by the stinky boy in class” (Cantor,
2011, para. 2). Twelve-year-old, Alexa Gonzalez, was arrested in New York for
drawing on her desk (Chen, 2010). Fourteen-year-old Kyle Thompson was led out
of his Michigan school in handcuffs and is now spending a year under house
arrest, punished for resisting to hand a note over to his teacher (Scholl,
2013). Malcom Calvert was arrested and charged with misdemeanor battery for
playfully hitting his friend in the head with a Tootsie Pop on the school bus
in Florida (Gonzalez, 2013). While the charges against Mr. Calvert were
dropped, an arrest for battery remains on his record. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The U.S. attorney
general, Eric Holder, stated in a report released in January 2014, “A routine
school disciplinary infraction should land a student in the principal’s office,
not a police precinct” (Rich, 2014, para. 9). With the belief that youth are
inherently or merely already <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bad</i>,
initiatives to scare them straight have instead led to more complications.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-66248451877789266362014-11-01T12:00:00.000-07:002014-11-01T12:00:00.215-07:00Myth of Delinquency #1: All juvenile delinquents are male.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Thanks for joining
the discussion on Myths of Delinquency! To be brought up to speed on this
discussion, its origins, and its process, please read this first post in this
blog series called “<a href="http://mythsofdelinquency.blogspot.com/2014/10/clarifying-beliefs-about-juvenile.html" target="_blank">Clarifying Beliefs About Juvenile Delinquency</a>.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As
I gathered beliefs from kind, educated, and compassionate adults, it quickly emerged
that the most common statement was when they think of “delinquent youth” they
think of them all as male.<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE6fL7DedC4VoX_J3REgKdKxs3feiLzC2AhSxiJ0pXbQpEMfZJAD9Ligz-8yU4Neysvgdg7pc6QaDZ8zGCkQTnHeShr6lBxWrTMJpP5LnHxstE-76ZaxcFJfr7sljHLojbKKe64e80vHs/s1600/Female.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE6fL7DedC4VoX_J3REgKdKxs3feiLzC2AhSxiJ0pXbQpEMfZJAD9Ligz-8yU4Neysvgdg7pc6QaDZ8zGCkQTnHeShr6lBxWrTMJpP5LnHxstE-76ZaxcFJfr7sljHLojbKKe64e80vHs/s1600/Female.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth 1 – All juvenile delinquents are male.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
While it is true
the majority of juvenile offenders are male, female incarceration rates have
been consistently rising since 1985 (Knoll & Sickmund, 2011). Between 1985
and 2008, the number of delinquency cases involving females increased 102%, yet
for males the increase was 29% (Knoll & Sickmund, 2011). “By 2004, girls
accounted for 30% of all juvenile arrests” (Zahn et al., 2010, p. 1). The
statistics can be misleading or simply miss telling the whole story in that the
offenses for which females are most often adjudicated are status offenses such
as running away from home or truancy. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
However, these
minor offenses may disguise more serious concerns in the lives of these
juvenile delinquents. In 2010, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention established the Girl Study Group in response to skewed statistics on
juvenile arrests by gender. In this project, Zahn and colleagues (2010) found <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
…although their
offense behavior may not appear to be very serious, these girls may be fleeing
from serious problems and victimization, some involving illegal behavior by
adults, which in turn makes them vulnerable to subsequent victimization and
engaging in other behaviors that violate the law such as prostitution, survival
sex, and drug use. (p. 3) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Placed in a
juvenile justice system designed for males, the female juvenile population is failed
by a system that was not set up to meet their needs (Watson & Edelman, 2012).
Young women in the system are typically non-violent offenders, making them low-risk,
but often high-need (Watson & Edelman, 2012). Subsequently, there has been
a reform effort in the juvenile justice system to better meet the needs of females
on the local, state, and federal levels (Watson & Edelman, 2012). “Overall,
the juvenile justice system is ill-equipped to serve girls effectively, having
failed to implement the reforms called for by a growing body of research on the
needs of the girls in its care” (Watson & Edelman, 2012, p. 1). <o:p></o:p></div>
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Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-14891750350488024312014-10-31T11:24:00.002-07:002014-10-31T11:29:47.211-07:00ReferencesThis includes all the references used throughout the blog "Myths of Delinquency."<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">ACLU.
(n.d.). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What is the school-to-prison
pipeline?</i> Retrieved from <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/what-school-prison-pipeline
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Aizer,
A., & Doyle Jr, J. J. (2013). <i>Juvenile incarceration, human capital and
future <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i><span style="color: #1a1a1a;">crime: Evidence from randomly-assigned judges.</span></i><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"> (No. w19102). National Bureau of Economic Research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Binder,
A. (1993). Constructing racial rhetoric: Media depictions of harm in heavy
metal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">and rap music. <i>American Sociological Review</i>,
753-767.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Busansky, A. (2011, May 31). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Research as a poverty fighter: The link
between poverty, <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">child welfare, and criminal justice.</i>
Retrieved from http://www.spotlightonpoverty.org/ExclusiveCommentary.aspx?id=c46288d5-485e-4c5c-a3f9-d17a65bcbe3b<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Cantor, M. (2011, December 2). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kid arrested for burping in class: Suit.</i>
Retrieved from <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.newser.com/story/134582/albuquerque-kid-arrested-for-burping-in-class-lawsuit.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.newser.com/story/134582/albuquerque-kid-arrested-for-burping-in-class-lawsuit.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
CDC. (2013). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Youth violence: National statistics.</i> Retrieved from <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/stats_at-"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/stats_at-</span></a>a_glance/vca_temp-trends.html<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Chamberlin, C. (2001). Not kids
anymore: A need for punishment and deterrence in the <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
juvenile justice
system. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boston College Law Review, 42</i>(2),
391-419.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Chen, S. (2010, February 18). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Girl’s arrest for doodling raises concerns
about zero <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tolerance.</i> Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/18/new.york.doodle.arrest/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Demuthova, S. (2013). Psychological
characteristics of juvenile offenders with constant <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
integration
problems. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal for Perspectives of
Economic Political and Social Integration, 18</i>(1-2), 177-192. DOI:
10.2478/v10241-012-0032-4.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Dickinson, T., & Crowe, A. (1997,
December 1). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Capacity building for
juvenile <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">substance abuse treatment. </i>Retrieved
from https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/jjbul9712-1/substan.html<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins,
R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low self-esteem
is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychological Science, 16</i>(4), 328-335.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Farrington, D. P. (n.d.). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Family influences on delinquency.</i>
Retrieved from <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763760564/60564_ch10_springer.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Ferrer, C. (2014, April 30). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How a special needs kid gets handcuffed and
thrown in <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jail “for her own good.” </i>Retrieved from <a href="https://www.aclu.org/print/blog/racial-justice/how-special-needs-kid-gets-handcuffed-and-thrown-jail-her-own-good"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://www.aclu.org/print/blog/racial-justice/how-special-needs-kid-gets-handcuffed-and-thrown-jail-her-own-good</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Ferrer, C. (2014, May 1). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Where zero tolerance makes zero sense.</i>
Retrieved from <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
https://www.aclu.org/blog/racial-justice/where-zero-tolerance-makes-zero-sense<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Fight Crime: Invest in Kids.
(n.d.). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cutting crime by cutting child
poverty: The child tax <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">credit is a solid investment in crime
prevention for the Carolinas.</i> Retrieved from http://www.fightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/reports/NC-SC%20CTC%20Brief%20with%20endnotes.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Florida Department of Juvenile
Justice. (2014, April). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Suspected and
documented <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gang-involved youth: Myth vs. facts. </i>Retrieved
from <a href="http://www.djj.state.fl.us/docs/research2/myth-fact-2014-gang-alerts.pdf?sfvrsn=0"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.djj.state.fl.us/docs/research2/myth-fact-2014-gang-alerts.pdf?sfvrsn=0</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Frederick,
B. (1999). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Factors contributing to
recidivism among youth placed with the <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #1a1a1a;">New York State
Division for Youth.</span></i><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"> New York, NY: State
of New York Division of Criminal Justice Services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Gatti,
U., Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., & McDuff, P. (2005). Youth gangs,
delinquency <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">and drug use: A test of the selection, facilitation, and
enhancement hypotheses. <i>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry</i>, <i>46</i>(11),
1178-1190.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gonzalez, S. (2013, February 25). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How school zero tolerance rules turn bad
behavior <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">into a crime.</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Retrieved from </span><a href="http://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/maps/map-florida-"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/maps/map-florida-</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">students-arrested-for-bad-behavior-not-criminal-behavior/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Gottesman, D., & Schwarz, S. W.
(2011).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Juvenile justice in the U.S.: Facts
for <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">policymakers. </i>New York, NY: National
Center for Children in Poverty.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
C., Glordano, P.,
Gottfredson, D. C., Payne, A. A., Feld, B. C., & Chesney-Lind, M. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Girls Study Group: Understanding and
responding to girls’ delinquency.</i> Retrieved from <a href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/226358.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/226358.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1093709296755555592.post-75516640608215458532014-10-31T11:20:00.003-07:002014-10-31T11:20:33.058-07:00Clarifying Beliefs About Juvenile Delinquency<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ5zWS4IAmNFwp0_BgLu7Z6fUYzTth5gq8clbyZ3unNXP5IIe4BKE7HJjFPgx7qQrhk1QRq2wvvOBgZtp2VMkQ87Ev1K7ZAdutnxQ-qgrfij0vzfEZPUOg6yij8fgxeo88bCGOYXZY6Ik/s1600/Jail_Line.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ5zWS4IAmNFwp0_BgLu7Z6fUYzTth5gq8clbyZ3unNXP5IIe4BKE7HJjFPgx7qQrhk1QRq2wvvOBgZtp2VMkQ87Ev1K7ZAdutnxQ-qgrfij0vzfEZPUOg6yij8fgxeo88bCGOYXZY6Ik/s1600/Jail_Line.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Frequently,
disturbing headlines appear about teenagers. From the first half of 2014 alone,
some such headlines included: “NM officer fatally shoots armed teen,”
“12-year-old Wisconsin girls charged in stabbing,” “Slaying of 14-year-old by
another youth exposes entrenched Chicago violence,” “Two teens dead in Phoenix
murder-suicide” (PoliceOne, 2014). It is important to note: Crimes are
committed every day and some are committed by youth who are beyond the scope of
this discussion. The concern of this piece is the teenagers viewed, labeled, or
treated in the same fashion as their more violent peers. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
“Less than
one-fifth of 1%” of teen offenders are arrested for violent crimes against
persons (murder, non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and
aggravated assault) (OJJDP, 2011, para. 3). This leaves over 99% who are simply
troubled kids who made bad choices. The intention of this discussion is to
focus on young offenders who are most often disruptive or otherwise difficult in
the classroom, and who also are most often misunderstood.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are myriad
ideas about “bad” kids held by even the most highly educated and compassionate
people. When participants in this discussion were asked for their beliefs about
students who get in trouble frequently or, especially, those who end up in
juvenile detention placements, common responses included, “They are violent,”
“They are all on drugs,” and “They don’t care, “ or as one respondent for this
study so bluntly put it, “Why waste our time?” This mindset may be an indicator
as to why so little progress has been made in the treatment of, or intervention
with, individuals who demonstrate undesirable behaviors, many of whom end up in
the juvenile justice system.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
It is important to
recognize this is both an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all </i>students
issue and, perhaps especially, a special education issue. A dramatic
overrepresentation of youth with disabilities persists in the juvenile justice
system. Studies show as high as 70% of adjudicated youth in some states have
disabilities (Leone, Meisel, & Drakeford, 2002). This rate is compared with
11% of the general population for youth receiving special education services. Only
7% of youth in the general population have the disabling conditions most prominent
in juvenile justice facilities, which are learning disabilities, emotional
disturbances, and intellectual disabilities (Leone, Zaremba, Chapin, &
Iseli, 1995). <o:p></o:p></div>
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Offenders with
disabilities also frequently receive more punitive treatment as compared to
their non-disabled peers (Murray, 1976). As recently as April 2014, a
13-year-old girl with autism was arrested, spending 24 hours in custody, for
reacting to a school resource officer in a manner clearly explained in her Individualized
Educational Program (IEP). The officer explained she was arrested and detained
“for her own good” (Ferrer, 2014, para. 6). <o:p></o:p></div>
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For these reasons,
common beliefs about juvenile delinquents were investigated, clarifying which
of these beliefs are supported by research and which are not. Responses were
gathered from educated adults who work in the field of education and elsewhere.
The objective was to debunk myths of delinquency, giving practitioners a new
perspective of the “bad” kids with whom they work or encounter. Belief
statements were then investigated and determined to be either <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">truth</i> (based on consistent research) or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">myth</i> (based on conflicting or absent research
and mixed messages). Shifting the beliefs so common among educated adults will
impact the experiences of these students with the possibility of interrupting a
trajectory toward delinquency for many at risk youth.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Why have this discussion in the first place?</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
began with telling family and friends about my own research interests (the
intersection of disability and juvenile justice) and my goals for advocating
for incarcerated youth. It was followed by my shock when people regularly
responded in a negative way – the most common reaction being, “Why?” I saw that
wonderful people had very mistaken ideas about kids in trouble and I sought to
address some of these “myths.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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Of the belief
statements gathered in this discussion, the third most frequently shared was
that juvenile delinquents probably have disabilities. As discussed previously,
research shows up to 70% of youth in the juvenile justice system have a disability
and, therefore, this belief statement is well founded.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Theories behind this<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvX_To9lIiiOA-Px_ZWjT3-3DWk3M0AqhdvFe29Qgbp1SpnEets75HaDNy9QmWk0FTLKT-Oas7N_gDlx6tqZebtgd2Igu3atmoLDVncZ0SDncWz5ekXLYjw99nIvJrOW8n6QeYNapHPE8/s1600/School-Failure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvX_To9lIiiOA-Px_ZWjT3-3DWk3M0AqhdvFe29Qgbp1SpnEets75HaDNy9QmWk0FTLKT-Oas7N_gDlx6tqZebtgd2Igu3atmoLDVncZ0SDncWz5ekXLYjw99nIvJrOW8n6QeYNapHPE8/s1600/School-Failure.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWpA1XPJMsrjpyN0piWWPxLKJ_a7d6iKnbOADrA9bn8UxspslWB0kFe_ZWNYFMEe-JKeGtDJiGxpqIcM2lfFE0AZfUXbCj_7UzZrWUJvsBR-3dC4yR9-r3AHczRyNtv-R16uwL2LUnJeU/s1600/Susceptibility.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWpA1XPJMsrjpyN0piWWPxLKJ_a7d6iKnbOADrA9bn8UxspslWB0kFe_ZWNYFMEe-JKeGtDJiGxpqIcM2lfFE0AZfUXbCj_7UzZrWUJvsBR-3dC4yR9-r3AHczRyNtv-R16uwL2LUnJeU/s1600/Susceptibility.jpg" /></a>Three theories attempt
to elucidate why youth with disabilities demonstrate delinquent behavior: School
Failure Theory (Murray, 1976); Susceptibility Theory (Murray, 1976); and Differential
Treatment Theory (Keilitz, Zaremba, & Broder, 1979). The first two theories
posit youth with disabilities commit more delinquent acts than their
non-disabled peers. The School Failure Theory explains how a progressive effect
of academic challenges and experiences of failure lead to negative labeling by
adults and peers, thus leading to distancing from the academic experience of
school and navigating toward peers who tend to be negative influences. The Susceptibility
Theory explains the challenges of understanding social cues, impulsive decision-making,
and dupability that lead to students with disabilities so often being the ones left
to bear responsibility for unlawful actions committed in groups or encouraged
by peers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjocmcw9IIDzBBMFe7J-Ns00X85Q7csb-A6lOvXp1_TavpVCz0y_E1C-o7LWvMXLQfjwPf9JZoRwHWbXsIELoybkukEJ4saVfEKY2Fo8ruZwThP1QAP3vMS8-XNQ1AK7jbvIZb98PBxHh4/s1600/Differential-Treatment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjocmcw9IIDzBBMFe7J-Ns00X85Q7csb-A6lOvXp1_TavpVCz0y_E1C-o7LWvMXLQfjwPf9JZoRwHWbXsIELoybkukEJ4saVfEKY2Fo8ruZwThP1QAP3vMS8-XNQ1AK7jbvIZb98PBxHh4/s1600/Differential-Treatment.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The third,
Differential Treatment Theory, counters this over-existence of crime-committing
by claiming youth with disabilities demonstrate characteristics as a result of
their disability that are misunderstood as dangerous or risky and are,
therefore, treated more punitively than their non-disabled peers who may have
committed the same delinquent acts (Keilitz, Zaremba, & Broder, 1979). It
is also possible no delinquent act was even committed, but simply the fear of a
future act. For example, youth may be detained prior to adjudication for
subjective judgment calls made by police or social services officers of
“dangerousness” and/or “flight risk” behaviors that actually could be a
manifestation of their disability instead (Leone et al., 1995). This is demonstrated
in the previous example of the 13-year-old who was, in fact, detained for a known
and documented behavior that was a result of her disability (Ferrer, 2014). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">What I wanted to know<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
These theories
show there is confusion and misunderstanding surrounding children who behave in
undesirable ways. The Differential Treatment Theory focuses on beliefs people
hold about juvenile delinquents, many of which can be incorrect. There are
myths surrounding delinquency that, if dispelled, would change the way in which
practitioners work with these students both before and after adjudication. Therefore,
this discussion seeks to answer:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What are common beliefs about juvenile
delinquents?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Which of these beliefs are supported by
empirical research and which are not?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">How did I go about this?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The data discussed
in this blog come from multiple sources: interviews with and surveys of a
convenience sample of educated adults employed both in the education field and
elsewhere; Internet searches for media headlines about youth crime; and existing
literature about juvenile delinquency. Using various modalities, 124
individuals were polled and 30 responded. Participants provided five to ten
“things [they] believe about juvenile delinquents” as well as demographic
information including name, age, level of education, and occupation. The open-ended
request was intentionally vague for the sake of avoiding bias by suggesting reflection
over whether their beliefs were true or false. Participants were told this survey
was for research about the beliefs people have regarding delinquency. Confidentiality
was assured so respondents could share views they otherwise may not voice
publically. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Who participated?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Of the 30
respondents, fewer than half (fourteen) worked in education-related positions,
while the others were not professionally connected to education. Nineteen were
female and 11 were male. The average age of the respondents was 39.2 years. The
level of education completed ranged from high school (four) to doctorate (three),
with eight holding bachelors degrees and 15 holding masters degrees.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Myth or Truth?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The responses were
carefully categorized by themes and the categories were then investigated to
discover from research whether they had been determined to be true or false.
The statements supported by research are called “truths” for the sake of this discussion
and those not supported by research or surrounded by mixed messages are called
“myths.” While research is available to support those categories labeled as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">truth</i>, the focus of this discussion is
on those labeled as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">myth</i> and
explaining why they are not necessarily true. In order to debunk these myths, various
sources will be discussed throughout this blog to shine light on different perspectives
for each topic. Direct quotes from some respondents are also included
throughout. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">What were the results?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the results, there were belief statements that were categorically true with no
ambiguity. There were also belief statements that were undetermined, meaning
they could not be justified as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">truth</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">myth</i> because of a lack of evidence
on the topic. Finally, there were nine belief statements that were either completely
false or could not be found to be true based on conflicting or absent research.
These belief statements are those discussed in subsequent posts, each labeled
as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">myth</i>. As explained in the
Differential Treatment Theory (Murray, 1976), these results bring awareness to
the types of beliefs people have about juvenile delinquents that may be
incorrect and may impact treatment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Please follow me on this journey of
understanding the views that exist, where they come from, and whether or not
they are true. The most important point in all of this is we all still have a
lot to learn and things are seldom as clear-cut as we may believe. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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P.S. All references can be found in the blog post called References. </div>
Tarynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04973610618138233708noreply@blogger.com